– Introduction

– What does Development Mean

– Economic Growth and Economic Development

– The New View of Economic Development

• Development as a Multi-dimensional Process

• Three Core Values of Development

– Development, Freedom and Opportunities

– Human Development

– Human Development Index

• Sustainable Human Development

• What Makes Development Unsustainable?

• Policy for Sustainable Development

– Progress and Setbacks in Human Development

• India

– State of Human Development in India

• State Level

– Human Development and Gender Situation

– Introduction

– The Basic Issues

• Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting

• Population, Resources, and the Environment

• Poverty and the Environment

• Growth versus the Environment

• Rural Development and the Environment

• Urban Development and the Environment

• Global Warming and Climate Changing

– Defining Dangerous

• From Climate Change to Stalled Human Progress— The Transmission Mechanisms

– The Indian Case

• Consequences of Environmental Plunder

– Public Policy

– Introduction

– The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities

• Composition of National Income

– The Working Force

– The Agrarian Scene

• Stagnating Agriculture

• Causes

– India’s Industrial Production and its Structure

• India’s Industrial Resources

• The Decline of Traditional Industry and the Development of Modern Industry

• Some other Economic Indicators of Economic Backwardness

– Some Positive Features

– Evolution of Planning

– Structural Constraints and the Development Strategy

– Role of the State as Visualised in the Fifties

– Evolution of Strategy and Priorities

– Changing Perceptions

– Role of Planning in a Market Economy

– Redefining the Role of State

– The Government, the State and the Market

– Cooperative Action

– Debate on Liberalisation

– Economic Reform

• The Background

• The Macroeconomic Crisis

• Rationale for the Reforms

• Macroeconomic Reforms

• Structural Reforms

– Implementation of the Agenda

– Removal of QRs

– National Structural Adjustment Programme

– Safety Net

• Macroeconomic Impact of Reforms

• Fiscal Adjustment and Stabilisation

• Political Resistance to Reform

• Concerns Regarding Social and Political Implications of Reform

• Impact of the New Economic Policy on the Vulnerable Sections

• Conclusion

– The Next Round of Reforms

– The Performance

– Two Phases of Growth

– Assessment of Performance

– Causal Factors

– What Next?

– Emerging Indian Economy

• Growth Drivers

– Growth and Structural Change

– Growth and Sectoral Shares,

Cross Country Evidence and Indian Experience

• Share of Services in GDP

– Inter-regional Disparities in Growth and Development

• Implications of Inter-state Inequality

• Sectoral Composition of Growth

• Causal Factors

– Investment

¡ Planning and Public Investment

¡ Private Investment

– Technical Change

– Institutions and Governance

– The Way Ahead

– Conclusion

– Land Systems at the Time of Independence

• Feudal Agrarian Structure

– Policies for Restructuring Agrarian Relations

• Economic Arguments in Favour of Land Reform

• Abolition of Intermediaries

• Ceiling on Land Holdings

• Tenancy Reforms

• Consolidation of Holdings

• Co-operative Farming

– Impact of Structural Reorganisation

– Emerging Perspectives and Policy Issues

– Land Reforms: Approach Paper to the Eleventh Plan

• Evolution of Industrial Control Regime
• Performance of the Industrial Licensing System
• New Economic Policy

– Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth

– Strengths of the Economy

– Issues and Challenges

– Some Major Challenges

• Regaining Agricultural Dynamism

• Changing Employment Patterns

• Providing Essential Public Services for the Poor

• Increasing Manufacturing Competitiveness

• Developing Human Resources

• Protecting the Environment

• Improving Rehabilitation and Resettlement Practices

• Improving Governance

• Disparities and Divides

– Population and Labour Force Projections

– Concepts and Measurement

– Recent Trends in Employment and Unemployment Situation

• Labour Force and Workforce Participation Rates

• Unemployment Rates by Level of Education

• NSS 62nd Round on Employment and Unemployment

• Employment in Organised Sector

– Employment Trends

• Employment Growth

• Employment Structure

• Increasing Casualisation

• Employment Prospects

– Indian Labour Laws and Labour Markets

– Strategies and Policies for Employment Generation

• Eleventh Plan Approach on Employment

• Promoting Employment Generation

¡ Changing Employment Patterns

¡ Employment Generating Sectors

¡ National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)

¡ Self-Employment Programmes

– Magnitude and Determinants

• The Selection of Poverty Lines

• Economic Growth and Poverty

• What do Recent Poverty Studies Reveal?

• Chronic Poverty

• Comparison of India and China in terms of Poverty Reduction

• Non-income Poverty Dimensions

– Poverty Alleviation in Development Debate

– Growth-Poverty Relationship

• Growth, Employment and Poverty

• Growth Pattern and Poverty

– Poverty Alleviation Programmes

• Programme for Socially Disadvantaged

• Land Reforms

• Public Distribution System

• Self Employment Programmes

• Wage Employment Programmes

– Some Critical Issues in Choice of Programme

• Self versus Wage Employment Programmes

• Spatial Dimension and Area Focus

• Poor in General versus Hardcore Poor

• Public Investment in Human Capital and Public Goods

– Concluding Remarks

– Economic Development and Population Growth

• The Theory of Demographic Transition

• The Micro Economic Theory of Fertility

• How Does Population Growth affect Economic Development

– Population Trends

– Trends in Birth and Death Rates

• Causes of High Birth Rate

¡ Social Factors

¡ Economic Factors

¡ Poverty

¡ Lack of Social Security

¡ Illiteracy, Ignorance and Belief in Fate

¡ Ineffective Family Planning

• Fertility Rate

• Causes of Decline in Death Rate

¡ Control of Epidemics

¡ Control of Famines

¡ Improved Medical Facilities

¡ Spread of Maternity Homes

¡ Impact of Economic Development

• Measures to Reduce Birth Rate

• Concerns about Population Growth

– Gender Equity and the Demographic Transition

– Population Policy since 1947

– National Population Policy, 2000

– Objectives of National Population Policy

– Implications of Mortality Decline for the Future

– Human Resource Development

– Education Policy in India

– Public Expenditure and Education Policy

– Health Care as a Social Responsibility

• The Experience of Kerala and Tamil Nadu

• Policy Shift Essential to Check Population Growth

– Tamil Nadu: The Success Story

– Enabling Factors

– Importance of Agriculture in National Economy

• Agriculture as a Source of Employment

• Linkage between Agriculture and Other Sectors

– Productivity in Indian Agriculture

• Low Levels of Productivity

• Causes of Low Productivity

– General Causes

– Institutional Causes

– Technological Factors

– The Institutional Context

• Economic Arguments in Favour of Land Reform

– The New Technology

– Characteristics of New Technology

• Better Agricultural Practices

• Economic Aspects of New Technology

– Three Phases of Green Revolution

• The First Phase, 1966-1972

• Debacle and the Second Phase, 1973-1980

• The Third Phase, 1981-1990

– Reform Period, 1991 to the Present

– Deceleration in Agriculture Growth

• Regional Disparities and Intrapersonal Disparities

• New Technology and Environmental Degradation

– Major Factors Affecting the Growth Potential

• Lack of Long Term Policy Perspective

• Neglect of Capital Formation

• Lagging Research and Development Efforts

• Technology Generation and Dissemination

• Rising Soil Degradation and Over-exploitation of Ground Water

• Degradation of Natural Resources

• Subsidies vis-à-vis Investments and Farm Support Systems

• Agriculture’s Terms of Trade and Farm Price Volatility

– Irrigation

• Post-Independence Trends

• Uneven Access to Irrigation

• Areas of Concern

• Irrigation in the 11th Plan

• Rationalising Subsidies and Strengthening Input and Support Services

– The National Agriculture Policy 2000

– Rural Distress in Post-Reform India

– Farmers’ Suicides

– Pre-green Revolution

– Green Revolution

– Post-reform Revolution

– Food Management

– Food Procurement Policy

• Price and Distribution Controls in the Foodgrain Market

– Public Distribution System (PDS)

– Food Subsidy

• Buffer Stock

– Food Security

• Recent Policy Initiatives

• Diversification and Food Security

– Towards Elimination of Hunger and Malnutrition

• Hunger

• Calorie Deprivation

• Nutritional Security

– The Way Forward

• Availability

• Stability in Supplies

• Ensuring Access to Food

• Nutritional Security

– Agricultural Price Policy

– Emerging Trends and Impact of Globalisation

– India and WTO

– Implications of Trade Liberalisation for Agricultural Growth, Poverty, and Food Security

• Agricultural Growth

• Poverty

• Self-Sufficiency, Food Security, and Related Issues

– Major Issues in the context of Globalisation

– Extent and Pattern of Industrialisation during the British Rule

– The Industrial Scene at Independence

– Industrial Control Regime

• Performance of the Industrial Licensing System

– The Policy Regime in the 1990s

– New Economic Policy

– Opening up to Foreign Investment

– Industrial Policy Reforms

– Public Sector Reforms, Privatisation and Infrastructure

– Industrial Growth

– Phases of Industrial Growth

• Industrial Growth in the 90s

• Comparative Growth Rates in the 80s and the 90s

¡ Relative Contribution of Sectors to Total Production

– Profile of Industrial Growth

• Fall in Potential as well as Actual Industrial Growth

• Shift in Favour of Registered Manufacturing

• Decline in Employment Growth in Organised Manufacturing

• The Stagnant Share of Manufactuing Sector

¡ The Manufacturing Slowdown

• Factors Causing the Industrial Slowdown: Some Hypotheses

¡ Infrastructure Constraints in the Industrial Sector

• Recovery in Industrial Growth since 2002-03

– Outlook

– Industrial Policy: Recent Policy Initiatives

– Revision of IIP

– The Rationale

– Growth in Investment in Central Government Enterprises

– Performance of Public Enterprises

– New Directions of Policy: 1991 Industrial Policy

– Public Enterprise Policy

• Navratnas and Miniratnas

– Privatisation

• Privatisation: Indian Experience since 1991

– Small Industry

• Rationale for Supporting Small-scale Enterprises

• Definition of Small-scale Industries

• Small-scale Reservation Policy

• Spatial Distribution of SSEs

• Impact of SSI Reservation on Exports

– New Small Enterprise Policy

• Small and Tiny Enterprises

• Village Industries

– Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises

– Recent Measures

– Introduction

– Foreign Capital versus Export-led Growth

– The Debate on the Role of Foreign Capital

• Foreign Direct Investment

• Portfolio Capital

• External Aid

• Commercial Debt Capital

– Capital Flows and Growth in India: The Recent Experience

• FDI Policy: A Historical Perspective

– First Phase 1950-1967

– Second Phase 1967-1980

– Third Phase 1980-1990

– Fourth Phase–1991 Onwards

– Trends in FDI—In the 1990s

• Foreign Direct Investment

– Changes in Sectoral Composition

– Changes in the Sources of FDI

– Pattern of FDI by Type of Approvals

– Comparative Performance of India and China

– Towards a Realistic FDI Policy

• FDI Policy

– Growth and Sectoral Shares, Cross Country Evidence and Indian Experience

• Share of Services in GDP

• Share of Services in Employment

– Which Services Have Grown Rapidly?

• Fast Growers

• Trend Growers

• Contribution of Fast and Trend Growers to Services Growth

– Factors Underlying the Services Growth

• Growth in Services Sector from 2001 to 2006-07

– World Trade in Services Sector

• India’s Share in World Exports

• Structure of India’s Services Exports

• Foreign Direct Investment in India’s Service Sector

• Liberalisation of Services in India

• India and Trade Negotiations in Services

– Summing Up

– Financial Sector Development in India

• Institutional Structure

• Capital Markets

• Strategy of Development

– Directions of Reforms

• Administered Structure of Interest Rate

• Autonomy, Prudential Regulations and Supervision

• 1991 and After: The Reform Years

• Role of Competition

• Capital Adequacy and Government Ownership in the Banking Sector

– Some Perspective for the Future of the Indian Financial System

– Lessons from the Indian Experience

– Conclusion

– Constraints arising from Foreign Trade and Import Substitution based Policies

– Inward Looking Strategy

– Broad Trends: Exports and Imports

• Exports

• Imports

• India's Merchandise Trade 2001-02 and 2006-07

• India’s Merchandise Imports

• Trade Composition

• Services Trade

• World Trade in Services

• India’s Services Imports

– Special Economic Zones

– Summing Up

– India’s Balance of Trade

– Causes of Unfavourable Balance of Trade

– Large Increase in Imports

– Modest Growth in Exports

¡ External Factors

¡ Internal Factors

– Measures to Correct Deficit in Balance of Trade

¡ Restrictions on Imports

¡ Export Promotion

¡ Export Promotion Measures

– Concepts

– Trade Policy: An Overview

– The Political Economy of the Foreign Exchange Regimes

– Trade Policy since 1991

– India’s Balance of Payment Trends 1950-2000

• The Decades of Fifties and Sixties

• Balance of Payments in the Seventies

° A Decade of Comfort

• Balance of Payments up to 1981-82

• Balance of Payments during 1982-83 to 1984-85

• Balance of Payments during 1985-1990

• Balance of Payments during 1993-94 to 2005-06

– Sustainability of Current Accounts

– Capital Account, External Debt and Exchange Rate

• Approach, Developments and Issues

– Roadmap Towards Fuller Capital Account Convertibility

• Foreign Exchange Transactions

– Foreign Investment

• Magnitude

• Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

• NRI Deposits

– External Commercial Borrowings

• External Assistance, Short-term Credits and Non-resident Deposits

• Utilisation of Foreign Aid

• Management of Capital Flows

• Impact of Reforms on BoP

– External Debt Management

– Foreign Exchange Reserves: Approach, Developments and Issues

• Approach

• Exchange Rate Developments

• Rupee Appreciation and Export Performance

– Exchange Rate Management

• Transition to Market Determined Exchange Rate System

– World Trade Organization

– India and the WTO

– India’s Participation in WTO MeetingsIndia’s

– The Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference at Hong Kong, (December 13-18, 2005)

– And After (July 24, 2006)

• WTO Negotiations and India