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| ABOUT THE BOOK : | |||
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The Planning Commission has decided to prepare State Development Reports (SDRs)
for all States and Union Territories of India. The objective in bringing
out these reports is to provide a credible independent quality reference
document on the development profile, set out strategies for accelerating
the growth rate of States, lessen disparities and reduce poverty. The SDR
is meant to discuss the constraints and challenges faced by a State and
provide a vision, blueprint or a roadmap for its socioeconomic progress.
Each SDR is being prepared with the assistance of reputed national-level agencies, under the supervision of a core committee, headed by a Member of the Planning Commission, and including a senior representative of the State Government. The publication of the Maharashtra Development Report follows the recently published SDRs of Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh, while SDRs of many other States and Union Territories of India are under various stages of preparation. The Kerala Development Report reviews the course of development of the State and the aspects in which the State holds a unique position among the States and Union Territories in India, such as universalisation of school education, reduction in fertility and mortality rates, development of health- care sector, growth of infrastructural facilities and expansion of financial institutions, It has also highlighted the pitfalls on its road to progress such as declining agriculture, stagnating industry, mounting unemployment and growing consumerism. The great strength of conviction that the State has acquired through incessant social reform struggles, progressive political movements, and land reform legislations is lending support to its pace of progress along egalitarian lines. The merging conflicts in the matters of private partnership in educational development, reservations to depressed communities in educational institutions and in government services, and participation of foreign investors in Kerala's development endeavours have added new dimensions to the path and pace of progress that the State may choose to tread. New problems that have arisen due to its spectacular success in bringing out a demographic transition such as the mounting proportions of the elderly and the aged in the State's population have also been highlighted in the report. The SDR of Kerala has also furnished a roadmap to development that the State may like to pursue in important economic sectors such as agriculture, traditional and small-scale industries and modern manufacturing industries. |
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| CONTENTS IN DETAIL : | |||
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Core Committee Message from Chief Minister, Kerala Message from Member, Planning Commission List of Tables, Figures and Boxes Preface and Acknowledgements Executive Summary |
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1. Geographical and Historical Features |
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Location Geography and Physical Features Land Use Pattern Forests Water Resources Fisheries Minerals Energy Historical Movements and Economic Processes Matriliny Land Tenures Agriculture Population Growth and Demographic Transition Education Healthcare Public Health Political Activity Developments Since 1951 Political Development Land Tenure Population Growth and Demographic Change Education Healthcare Agriculture Industry Emigration The Development Vision The Tenth Five Year Plan of Kerala |
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2. Demographic Transition |
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Introduction Population Size and Growth Mortality and Life Expectancy Fertility District Level Differentials Socioeconomic Determinants of Demographic Transition Universal Immunisation Programme Universal (Total) Literacy Campaign World Bank Population Project (IPP-III), Kerala Gulf Migration Other Determinants of the Demographic Transition Population Growth in the 21st Century Population Stabilisation and Zero Population Growth Changing Age Structure Educational Planning Labour Force Marriage Squeeze The Elderly Conclusions |
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3. Growth and Employment |
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Economic Growth and Structural Change Employment and Unemployment of the Educated |
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4. Financial Services and Fiscal Reforms |
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I. Financial Profile Literature on Kerala Finances: A Brief Overview Fiscal Scenario of All States Structure of Kerala’s Revenue Structure of Public Expenditure Fiscal Health of the State Debt Outstanding and Interest Obligations Investment Activity Including Credit Flow Government of India Investment Foreign Investment in Kerala Structure of State Finances Composition of Kerala’s Revenue Budgetary Trends Trends in Public debt Concluding Observations II. Financial Services Introduction The Financial System The Approach and Scope The Supply Side: Fund Mobilisation Financial Services Sector in Kerala: Mobilisation of Resources The Demand Side Asset Creation Other Constituents of Financial Services Sector Deployment of Funds Conclusion III. Fiscal Reforms in Kerala: Options and Sources Suggestions for Tax Reform Stamps and Registration Non-Tax Revenue Sources Issues Relating to Expenditure Management and Debt Management An Outline of the Medium Term Fiscal Framework of Kerala |
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5. Agriculture |
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Topography, Climate and Soil Land Utilisation Pattern Size of Operational Holdings Cropping Pattern Productivity Production Trends of Major Crops Contribution of Area and Yield to Production Price Parity and Profitability Share of Agriculture in State Income Irrigation Major Commodity Profiles Livestock Fisheries Perspective Cooperatives Structure |
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6. Industrial Development |
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Introduction Industrial Needs Reaching Per Capita ISDP Levels of Leading Indian States Removal of Unemployment Backlog Matching Future Power Consumption Needs Alternative Projections: A Summary The Current Status and the Gap SDP Growth Industrial Profile Traditional Industries Public Sector Industrial Exports Pattern of Investment Plan Expenditures in Industry Sector Industrial Climate Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) SSI Units Medium & Large Units Support Systems SSI Cooperatives KSIDC Other Support Agencies Administrative Agencies Recent Support Efforts The Gap Industrial Development Policy Under the Plans New Industrial Policies and Initiatives Industrial Promotion Agencies Suggestions for Effective Promotional Support Industrial Constraints Development of Traditional Industries Task Ahead Conclusions |
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7. Infrastructure |
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Section I: Transport Roads Public Transport Road Development Policy of the Government Recent Achievements in Road Transport Research and Development in Road Sector Water Transport Railways Air Transport Shipping and Ports Vision for Development—On the Road to the Future Section II: Power Introduction Kerala’s Power Sector Development: An Overview Sectoral Demands for Power in Kerala: Consumer Groups Pattern of Power Consumption and Revenue Realisations Transmission and Distribution Inadequacies Financial Requirements Prospects: Power Sector Development Programme in the 10th Five Year Plan Alternatives: Development of Renewable Sources of Energy: Power Sector Reforms in Kerala Policy Suggestions Section III: Water Supply Introduction Water Resources of Kerala Water Policies of Kerala Evolution of Water Supply Schemes in Kerala Organisational Set up Evaluation of the KWA Set up Project and Materials Management in KWA Financial Performance of KWA Water-Supply Schemes Demand for and Supply of Water Self-financing of Water-Supply Schemes and Policies of Water Pricing: Relevance to Kerala Performance of RWSS - Operated by Beneficiary Groups Evaluation of Present System and Future Strategies Section IV: Telecommunications Introduction Brief History of Telecommunications in Kerala Service Providers Telephone Connections Tele-density Revenue Village Public Telephones, Public Call Offices Waiting List for Telephone Connections Emerging Communication Services and Their Impact on Infrastructure Planning Internet Service BSNL and MTNL Broadband Connections Postal Communication Opportunities and Challenges Recommendations |
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8. Education |
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Section I: School Education Introduction Progress of Literacy Pre-primary Education Primary and Secondary Education Uneconomic Schools Higher Secondary Education Private Participation Facilities in Schools Computer Education in Schools Girls’ Education Quality of Education Vocational Education Education for the Weaker Sections Science and Environmental Education Teacher Education and Training Decentralisation of School Education Expenditure on School Education Cost of Education Conclusion Section II: Higher Education Introduction Institutions of Higher Learning: Growth Patterns Profile of Student Enrolment and Faculty Resources Faculty and Non-Faculty Resources The Quality of Higher Education: Discernible Trends State Higher Education Policies: Changing Budgetary Emphasis |
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9. Science and Technology |
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Introduction Science and Technology Institutions Analysis of Research Done by Various Institutions under KSCSTE Other Major Institutions in Kerala Analysis of S&T Sector in Kerala Distribution of Plan Outlay Economic Viability of Institutions S&T Development in Kerala: A Road Map Areas of Future Development Knowledge Management Systems |
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10. Healthcare |
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Evolution of Health Status Healthcare in Kerala Access to, and Utilisation and Cost of Healthcare Summing Up |
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11. Food Security and Public Distribution |
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Trends in Food Production and Food Availability Trends in the Consumption of Cereals and Cereal Substitutes Trends in Calorie Intake Sources of Calorie Intake Trends in Food Expenditure Price, Income and Taste Shift to ‘Other’ Foods: A Further Exploration The Public Distribution System The School-Feeding Programme Supplementary Nutrition for Pre-School Children and Nursing Mothers Food Distribution through the Civil Supplies Corporation Food Distribution through Fair Price Shops The Impact of Targeting Dependence on the Open Market Summary and Implications |
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12. Ageing and Social Security |
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Introduction Population Ageing: Inter-state Analysis Ageing in Kerala Dependency Ratios Migration Surveys, 1999 and 2004 Social Security Agricultural Workers Pension Scheme The State of Civil Service Pension in Kerala Concluding Observations |
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13. Outlier Communities |
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A) Adivasi Communities Demographic Features Literacy: Efforts to be Strengthened Adivasi Settlements as Pockets of Poverty? Labouring Hard but in Non-Accumulative Domains? Land Alienation Adivasi Land Question: Derailing the Law and the Constitution Land Reforms and the Redistribution of Surplus Land Land Struggles and the Question of Autonomy: The New Turn Decentralisation and the SC/ST Population Failure of Welfare Measures Conclusions B) Marine Fishing Communities Introduction Is Change Possible? The Aggregate Picture What’s to be done? How to Improve Incomes Measures to Improve Quality of Life Conclusion |
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14. Migration and Development |
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Introduction Design of SMS Dimensions of Emigration Demographic Dimensions Geographic Dimensions Remittances Total Remittances Geographical Aspect of Remittances Remittances by Religion Remittances by Community Human Resources Emigration and Acquisition of Consumer Durables Economic Consequences of Emigration |
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15. Gender and Development |
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Women’s Autonomy Contemporary Trends in Education and Employment Industrial and Occupational Structure Gender and Migration Demographic and Health Status of Women Violence against Women Women’s Property Rights Gender Budget Initiatives and Decentralised Planning Socioeconomic Conditions of Elderly Women |
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16. Tourism |
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Introduction Tourism in India Tourism in Kerala Kerala Tourism – Through The Years Tourism Experience of Kerala Tourism Institutions in the State Modified Tourism Policy in the State Tourism Vision 2025 Central Financial Assistance for Promotion of Tourism in Kerala Conclusion |
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17. Local Self-government |
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Setting the Environment Methodology of Participatory Planning The Outcome Participation Resource Mobilisation and Expenditure Prioritisation and Resource Allocation Development Impact Lessons of Democratic Decentralisation in Kerala |
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18. Governance at the State Level |
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Information Technology Policies Infrastructure Major E-governance Initiatives Initiatives in Various Government Departments Efficiency Assessment Concurrent Monitoring Feedback from Citizens Performance and Reward Way Forward Grievance Redressal The Kerala Environment Systems for Grievance Redressal Accountability and Control of Malfeasance System of Financial Accountability Accountability Through Audit Agencies Accountability Through Elected Local Bodies Accountability Through Watchdogs Factors Promoting Accountability Control of Malfeasance Conclusion |
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