|
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
OVERVIEW |
|
PART ONE
END OF THE DOWNTURN |
|
CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: FDI FLOWS RESUME GROWTH |
| A. Signs of recovery |
|
1. Overall analysis
a. FDI inflows and outflows
b. Modes of FDI entry
c. Components of FDI flows
d. Factors contributing to
the recovery
e. The importance of TNC
activities in the world economy |
|
2. The largest TNCs
a. The world’s top 100
TNCs
b. The top 50 TNCs from
developing countries
c. Transnationality of the
top TNCs
d. The top 10 TNCs from
South-East Europe and the CIS
e. The world’s top 50
financial TNCs |
|
3. FDI performance and
potential |
|
| B. Policy development |
|
1. National policy changes |
|
2. International investment agreements
a. Bilateral investment
treaties
b. Double taxation treaties
c. Other international
agreements
d. International investment
disputes |
|
|
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS: DEVELOPING REGIONS LEAD RISE
IN FDI |
|
Introduction |
| A. Developing countries |
|
1. Africa: FDI inflows remain buoyant,
sustained by investments in primary production
a. Trends: FDI continues to
flow, mostly to natural resources
b. Policy developments:
efforts to stabilize the environment for FDI inflows
c. Prospects: cautiously
positive |
|
2. Asia and Oceania: inflows at a record
high
a. Trends: strong growth in
FDI flows
b. Policy developments:
favourable measures continue
c. Prospects: increasingly
bright |
|
3. Latin America and the Caribbean: FDI
inflows rebound
a. Trends: a resurgence of
FDI inflows in many countries
b. Policy developments: some
changes in the area of natural resources
c. Prospects: growing
opportunities |
| B. South-East Europe and CIS: FDI rises for the fourth year in
a row |
|
1. Trends: FDI inflows
sharply up
2. Policy developments:
diversity in policy approaches
3. Prospects: continuing
growth |
| C. Developed countries: uneven performance |
|
1. Trends and developments:
a turnaround in many countries
2. Policy developments:
diverging tendencies
3. Prospects: positive
overall |
|
|
PART TWO
R & D INTERNATIONALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT |
|
INTRODUCTION |
|
CHAPTER III. INNOVATION, R&D AND
DEVELOPMENT |
|
A. Innovation matters for all countries |
| B. Global R&D trends |
|
1. R&D is geographically
concentrated
2. R&D by industry
3. Capability needs and
benefits differ across activities |
| C. The innovation capability gap |
|
1. Measuring innovation
capabilities
2. The UNCTAD Innovation
Capability Index |
|
D. Conclusion |
|
|
CHAPTER IV. R&D BY TNCS AND DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES |
|
A. TNCs are dominant R&D players |
| B. R&D by TNCs is internationalizing |
|
1. A growing share of TNCs’
R&D is performed abroad
2. The growing role of
foreign affiliates in host-country R&D
3. Growing use of strategic
alliances |
| C. The emergence of developing economies as locations for TNCs’
R&D |
|
1. TNCs are expanding
R&D to developing locations
2. Foreign affiliates in
patenting by developing economies |
| D. Features of R&D undertaken in developing, South-East
European and CIS markets |
|
1. Industry composition of
R&D by TNCs in developing countries
2. Types of R&D
a. Asia and Oceania: dynamic
trends
b. Latin America and the
Caribbean: limited R&D but with potential
c. Africa: generally
marginal in R&D by TNCs
d. A comparison with
economies in transition |
|
E. Developing-country TNCs are also expanding
R&D abroad |
|
F. Prospects |
|
|
CHAPTER V. DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS |
|
A. What drives the internationalization of
R&D? |
|
B. Host-country determinants of R&D location
|
| C. How to internationalize R&D |
|
1. R&D outsourcing is
growing
2. Greenfield versus
acquisition |
| Annex to Chapter V. The rise of chip design in Asia: a case
study |
|
1. Pull factors
2. Policy factors
3. Push factors
a. Changes in design
methodology and organization
b. More outsourcing and
multiple design interfaces
c. Changing skill
requirements
4. Enabling factors |
|
|
CHAPTER VI. DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS |
|
A. New development opportunities in the
making |
| B. Implications for host countries |
|
1. Effects on the structure
and performance of an NIS
2. Human resource
implications
3. Knowledge spillovers from
R&D by TNCs
4. Contributions to
industrial upgrading
5. Potential concerns
related to R&D internationalization |
| C. Implications for home countries |
|
1. Improved overall R&D
efficiency
2. Reverse technology
transfer implications
3. Market expansion
implications
4. Home country concerns |
|
D. Conclusion |
|
|
CHAPTER VII. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL POLICIES |
|
A. Coherent policies and institutions make a
difference |
| B. Strengthening the institutional framework for innovation |
|
1. Fostering human resources
a. Development of skilled
human resources
b. Importing human resources
2. The role of research
capabilities in the public sector
3. Policies related to
intellectual property
4. Competition policy and
innovation |
| C. Promotion of R&D-related FDI |
|
1. The role of investment
promotion agencies
2. Performance requirements
3. The use of R&D
incentives is expanding
4. Using science parks as
attractors |
|
D. Industry-specific policies to enhance the
benefits of FDI in R&D |
|
E. The role of home countries |
|
F. Concluding remarks |
|
|
CHAPTER VIII. THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK |
| A. International investment agreements |
|
1. Entry and establishment
2. Performance requirements
3. Incentives 230
4. Key personnel
5. General protection of FDI
in R&D
6. Home-country measures and
corporate social responsibility |
|
B. International rules relating to IPRs |
|
C. International cooperation in R&D |
|
|
REFERENCES
SELECTED UNCTAD PUBLICATIONS ON TNCs AND
FDI
QUESTIONNAIRE |
