Globalisation, Economic Reforms and Employment Strategy in India
S P Gupta
About the Book
Here's one of the latest books on employment strategy written by a leading authority on the subject. In the words of the author who was the chairman of the special group that prepared the much discussed report on 'targeting 10 million employment opportunities per year', prepared by the Planning Commission, Govt. of India (May 2002) "this book attempts to monitor the implementation of this report's employment approach in the field and accordingly assess the effectiveness of this recommended approach and its limitations." Incidentally, readers can find the Executive Summary of the report appended in the book.
The author notes "since the release of the 2002 report, there have been vast and rapid changes in the world scenario and, as a result, changes in the socio-economic fabric of India. It is increasingly realised that in isolation, in this growing and integrated world, it would not be possible to formulate or develop any effective employment strategy. Indeed, all these new scenarios demand radical changes in the mindsets of policymakers and other development agents and accordingly the priorities and sequencing of India's employment policies....
"It has also been found that the present technological trend originating in many developed countries, appropriate to their 'factor endowment' with an abundance of capital and a scarcity of labour, are proving a misfit in most less developed economies. In this attempt, most of the labour surplus economies are facing a near jobless growth, primarily by using the imported technologies especially in all their 'globally integrated' production units.
"Furthermore, the texture of the labour force in the developing world is fast changing, with increasing youths in the labour force, particularly in educated segments. Around 80 percent of those youths who are currently unemployed are well-educated, and that number is increasing fast. This new scenario is becoming politically unsustainable since the educated youths mostly come from the rising middle class, with its inherent political and social clout.
"Job opportunities in the global market are lagging behind its expectations and potentials because of the growing, vested interests arising from political and commercial power games, communal and ethnic consideration and national interests. There is a strong view that..." The book warns...
About the Author(s) / Editor(s)
S.P. Gupta (Ph.D. in economics from London University) has completed several high ranking assignments in and outside the Indian Government. A former member of the Planning Commi-ssion, Dr. S.P. Gupta has also served the World Bank. His writings have appeared in leading journals. He is currently Chairman, Society for Economic and Social Transition (SEST), New Delhi.
Contents in Detail
Preface
1.Changing Employment Strategy
and its Rationale
The Indian Perspective and the Dimension
of the Problem
Recommended Alternative Employment
Strategy
Operational Methodology
2.Changing Employment Scenario: Emerging
New Issues
Overview
The Assessment of the Plan Strategy:
Its Achievements
Emerging Issues
Empirical Findings of the Growth of Employment
and Unemployment Indicators
(1993-94 to October 2002)
3.Vocational Training and Skill Development
Introduction
Dimensions on the Need for
Vocational Training
Prioritisation of Skill Building and
Vocational Training
An Outline of the Existing
Vocational System
Quantitative Deficiencies in Skill
Development
Skill Mismatches
Structural Deficiencies
Some Comments on ITI's Efficiency
and Organisation
Elements of Skill Development Strategy
Summary and Recommendations
4.Cluster Development
Introduction
Status of Clusters and their
Problems
Involving Large Industries in Cluster
Development Programmes
Developing a Feasible Model for
Cluster Development
Criteria for Selection of Clusters
Measures for Involving State Governments
in the Programme of Cluster Development
Measures for Involving Large Industries in
the Programme of Cluster Development
Skill Upgradation in Clusters
5.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
for Employment Generation
Difference between Business Process
Outsourcing and IT Outsourcing
Forms of Business Process Outsourcing
The Probable Range of Processes Outsourced
The Reasons for Outsourcing
Current Backlash
How to Deal with the Emerging Scenario
Developed Countries-The Demographic Shift
6.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
for Employment Generation
Historical background
Functions of the National Employment
Service (NES)
Public Perception of the Employment Service
Present Employment Scenario vis-à-vis
Employment Exchange Operations
Private Placement Agencies
Are the Employment Exchanges
Relevant Today?
Whether the Employment Exchange
is Necessary Today
Career Counselling and Vocational Guidance
Cost Effectiveness of the Employment
Exchanges
Are Employment Exchanges Doing the
Jobs as Effectively as Expected?
What Employment Exchanges Should do in
the Present Scenario?
7.Labour Welfare and Social Security
Section I: Social Security For The
Organised Sector
Introduction
Social Security Laws
Administration of Social Security Acts
Employees' Provident Funds and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
Employees Deposit Linked Insurance
Scheme, 1976
Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995
Modernisation Programme-Reinventing
EPFO
The Employees State Insurance Scheme
Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Section II: The Unorganised Sector Workers Social
Security Scheme, 2004
Short Title, Commencement and Application
Definitions
Registration of Members
Collection and Recording of
Contributors
Compliance and Enforcement
Finance and Investment
Award and Payment of Benefits
Payment of Pension
Miscellaneous
Section III: The Employment Guarantee Bill of 2005
(As passed by Lok Sabha on 23.8.2005)
Section IV: Jai Prakash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana
(JPRGY)
Allocation of Districts
Identification of Districts within
the States
Selection of Blocks within the
Selected Districts
Wage Employment under the JPRGY
Self-Employment under the JPRGY
Operationalisation of the JPRGY
Annexures
Bibliography
Index
List of Tables and Boxes
Tables
2.1The Macro Economic Indicators on NDP, Employment and
Unemployment-Organised and Unorganised Sectors,
1993-94 to 2001-02 (on Usual Status)
2.2Sector-wise Growth of Employment from 50th to 55th
Round and 55th to 58th Round of NSSO (Usual Status)
2.3Aggregate Employment Growth (Overall and Sectoral):
Usual Status
2.4Number of Unemployed and Percentage to
Corresponding Labour Force
2.5Workforce, Underemployment and Employment
Elasticity under UPSS, WS & CDS
2.6Number of Female-headed Households; Household
Size and Sex-ratio for the Female-headed Households
during 1993-94 and 1999-2000
2.7Average Household Size (0.0) and Sex Ratio
(Female per 1000 Males) over the different
NSS Surveys
2.8Consumption and Poverty by Gender Groups
2.9Youth Unemployment in Contrast to
All Age Unemployment
(i) Youth versus All Age
(ii) Female Youth versus All Age Female
(iii) Male Youth versus All Age Male
(iv) Female Youths (Rural versus Urban)
2.10Educated Unemployment in the Rural
and Urban Sectors: 1987-88, 1993-94
and 1999-2000
2.11Female Educated Unemployed 1987-88,
1993-94 and 1999-2000
2.12(i) Unemployment Rates 1993-94 and
1999-2000 Rural (Usual Status)
(ii) Urban (Usual Status)
2.13Unemployment Rates: Selected States
(on usual status)
2.14Variation of Employment Rates among
States for the Years 1994, 2000 and 2002
3.1Estimated Number of Children Leaving
School (2001-02)
3.2Ranking of Priority Areas for Vocational
Training and Skill Development
3.3Demography of Labour Force, Youth and
Employment (Dimensions based on NSS
Survey of EU, on CDS basis)
3.4Vocational Training Programmes Conducted
by Departments/Institutions
3.5Intake Capacity in the ITIs by Trade (2002)
Boxes
2.1Strategy and Achievements: Tenth
Five Year Plan
3.1Tamil Nadu Scheme for Training-cum-
Production Centres
3.2Initiatives Taken by the Department of
Employment and Training, Government
of Andhra Pradesh, Since August, 2003
3.3National Competency Testing Agency
Proposed by MHRD
4.1An Analysis of Cluster Development Initiatives
5.1Indicative List of Internal Processes Outsourced
List of Annexures
IA.Growth of Employment in Rural
Areas as per Weekly Status
IB.Growth of Youth Employment in
Rural Areas as per Weekly Status
IIA.Growth of Employment in Urban
Areas as per Weekly Status
IIB.Growth of Youth Employment in
Urban Areas as per Weekly Status
IIIA.Growth of Employment in India (Rural and
Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status
IIIB.Growth of Youth Employment in India
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status
IVA.Growth of Employment in Rural Areas
as per Usual Status
IVB.Growth of Youth Employment in Rural
Areas as per Usual Status
VA.Growth of Employment in Urban Areas
as per Usual Status
VB.Growth of Youth Employment in Urban Areas
as per Usual Status
VIA.Growth of Employment in India
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status
VIB.Growth of Youth Employment in All Areas
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status
VII .Note Highlighting the Salient Features of the
Sample Designs of Quinquennial Surveys and
Annual Surveys on Consumer Expenditure
and Employment - Unemployment in the NSS
VIII.Growth of Persons Attending Educational
Institutions (Usual Status)
IX.State-wise Population and Employment Estimates
by Usual Status 1994, 2000 & 2002 (Table 1-3).
Average Annual Growth Rate of Population and
Employment During 1994-2000 (Table-4).
Average Annual Growth Rate of Population
and Employment During 2000-2002 (Table-5)
X.Enrolment Capacities for Vocational
Education and Training in Different States
XI.Indicative List of Vocations under Identified Sectors
XII.Summary and overview of the Report by the
Special Group on Targeting 10 million
Employment Opportunity per year by
Planning Commission, Government of
India May 2002 (Page 1-17) under
Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta, Member
Planning Commission
XIII.Summary Recommendations of Report
of the Study Group on Development of
Small Scale Enterprises, (Page 4-8)
Planning Commission, New Delhi (2001)
under Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta,
Member Planning Commission.
| Publisher | AF Press |
| Publication Date | 2006 |
| Number of Pages | 276 |
| ISBN |
8171884628 |
Academic Foundation (AF), based in New Delhi, is India’s leading independent publisher of academic/scholarly books in Social Sciences, specialising in Economics—Development Economics and Indian Economy in particular, and allied subjects.
About the Book
Here's one of the latest books on employment strategy written by a leading authority on the subject. In the words of the author who was the chairman of the special group that prepared the much discussed report on 'targeting 10 million employment opportunities per year', prepared by the Planning Commission, Govt. of India (May 2002) "this book attempts to monitor the implementation of this report's employment approach in the field and accordingly assess the effectiveness of this recommended approach and its limitations." Incidentally, readers can find the Executive Summary of the report appended in the book.
The author notes "since the release of the 2002 report, there have been vast and rapid changes in the world scenario and, as a result, changes in the socio-economic fabric of India. It is increasingly realised that in isolation, in this growing and integrated world, it would not be possible to formulate or develop any effective employment strategy. Indeed, all these new scenarios demand radical changes in the mindsets of policymakers and other development agents and accordingly the priorities and sequencing of India's employment policies....
"It has also been found that the present technological trend originating in many developed countries, appropriate to their 'factor endowment' with an abundance of capital and a scarcity of labour, are proving a misfit in most less developed economies. In this attempt, most of the labour surplus economies are facing a near jobless growth, primarily by using the imported technologies especially in all their 'globally integrated' production units.
"Furthermore, the texture of the labour force in the developing world is fast changing, with increasing youths in the labour force, particularly in educated segments. Around 80 percent of those youths who are currently unemployed are well-educated, and that number is increasing fast. This new scenario is becoming politically unsustainable since the educated youths mostly come from the rising middle class, with its inherent political and social clout.
"Job opportunities in the global market are lagging behind its expectations and potentials because of the growing, vested interests arising from political and commercial power games, communal and ethnic consideration and national interests. There is a strong view that..." The book warns...
About the Author(s) / Editor(s)
S.P. Gupta (Ph.D. in economics from London University) has completed several high ranking assignments in and outside the Indian Government. A former member of the Planning Commi-ssion, Dr. S.P. Gupta has also served the World Bank. His writings have appeared in leading journals. He is currently Chairman, Society for Economic and Social Transition (SEST), New Delhi.
Contents in Detail
Preface
1.Changing Employment Strategy
and its Rationale
The Indian Perspective and the Dimension
of the Problem
Recommended Alternative Employment
Strategy
Operational Methodology
2.Changing Employment Scenario: Emerging
New Issues
Overview
The Assessment of the Plan Strategy:
Its Achievements
Emerging Issues
Empirical Findings of the Growth of Employment
and Unemployment Indicators
(1993-94 to October 2002)
3.Vocational Training and Skill Development
Introduction
Dimensions on the Need for
Vocational Training
Prioritisation of Skill Building and
Vocational Training
An Outline of the Existing
Vocational System
Quantitative Deficiencies in Skill
Development
Skill Mismatches
Structural Deficiencies
Some Comments on ITI's Efficiency
and Organisation
Elements of Skill Development Strategy
Summary and Recommendations
4.Cluster Development
Introduction
Status of Clusters and their
Problems
Involving Large Industries in Cluster
Development Programmes
Developing a Feasible Model for
Cluster Development
Criteria for Selection of Clusters
Measures for Involving State Governments
in the Programme of Cluster Development
Measures for Involving Large Industries in
the Programme of Cluster Development
Skill Upgradation in Clusters
5.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
for Employment Generation
Difference between Business Process
Outsourcing and IT Outsourcing
Forms of Business Process Outsourcing
The Probable Range of Processes Outsourced
The Reasons for Outsourcing
Current Backlash
How to Deal with the Emerging Scenario
Developed Countries-The Demographic Shift
6.Business Process Outsourcing: Potentialities
for Employment Generation
Historical background
Functions of the National Employment
Service (NES)
Public Perception of the Employment Service
Present Employment Scenario vis-à-vis
Employment Exchange Operations
Private Placement Agencies
Are the Employment Exchanges
Relevant Today?
Whether the Employment Exchange
is Necessary Today
Career Counselling and Vocational Guidance
Cost Effectiveness of the Employment
Exchanges
Are Employment Exchanges Doing the
Jobs as Effectively as Expected?
What Employment Exchanges Should do in
the Present Scenario?
7.Labour Welfare and Social Security
Section I: Social Security For The
Organised Sector
Introduction
Social Security Laws
Administration of Social Security Acts
Employees' Provident Funds and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
Employees Deposit Linked Insurance
Scheme, 1976
Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995
Modernisation Programme-Reinventing
EPFO
The Employees State Insurance Scheme
Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Section II: The Unorganised Sector Workers Social
Security Scheme, 2004
Short Title, Commencement and Application
Definitions
Registration of Members
Collection and Recording of
Contributors
Compliance and Enforcement
Finance and Investment
Award and Payment of Benefits
Payment of Pension
Miscellaneous
Section III: The Employment Guarantee Bill of 2005
(As passed by Lok Sabha on 23.8.2005)
Section IV: Jai Prakash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana
(JPRGY)
Allocation of Districts
Identification of Districts within
the States
Selection of Blocks within the
Selected Districts
Wage Employment under the JPRGY
Self-Employment under the JPRGY
Operationalisation of the JPRGY
Annexures
Bibliography
Index
List of Tables and Boxes
Tables
2.1The Macro Economic Indicators on NDP, Employment and
Unemployment-Organised and Unorganised Sectors,
1993-94 to 2001-02 (on Usual Status)
2.2Sector-wise Growth of Employment from 50th to 55th
Round and 55th to 58th Round of NSSO (Usual Status)
2.3Aggregate Employment Growth (Overall and Sectoral):
Usual Status
2.4Number of Unemployed and Percentage to
Corresponding Labour Force
2.5Workforce, Underemployment and Employment
Elasticity under UPSS, WS & CDS
2.6Number of Female-headed Households; Household
Size and Sex-ratio for the Female-headed Households
during 1993-94 and 1999-2000
2.7Average Household Size (0.0) and Sex Ratio
(Female per 1000 Males) over the different
NSS Surveys
2.8Consumption and Poverty by Gender Groups
2.9Youth Unemployment in Contrast to
All Age Unemployment
(i) Youth versus All Age
(ii) Female Youth versus All Age Female
(iii) Male Youth versus All Age Male
(iv) Female Youths (Rural versus Urban)
2.10Educated Unemployment in the Rural
and Urban Sectors: 1987-88, 1993-94
and 1999-2000
2.11Female Educated Unemployed 1987-88,
1993-94 and 1999-2000
2.12(i) Unemployment Rates 1993-94 and
1999-2000 Rural (Usual Status)
(ii) Urban (Usual Status)
2.13Unemployment Rates: Selected States
(on usual status)
2.14Variation of Employment Rates among
States for the Years 1994, 2000 and 2002
3.1Estimated Number of Children Leaving
School (2001-02)
3.2Ranking of Priority Areas for Vocational
Training and Skill Development
3.3Demography of Labour Force, Youth and
Employment (Dimensions based on NSS
Survey of EU, on CDS basis)
3.4Vocational Training Programmes Conducted
by Departments/Institutions
3.5Intake Capacity in the ITIs by Trade (2002)
Boxes
2.1Strategy and Achievements: Tenth
Five Year Plan
3.1Tamil Nadu Scheme for Training-cum-
Production Centres
3.2Initiatives Taken by the Department of
Employment and Training, Government
of Andhra Pradesh, Since August, 2003
3.3National Competency Testing Agency
Proposed by MHRD
4.1An Analysis of Cluster Development Initiatives
5.1Indicative List of Internal Processes Outsourced
List of Annexures
IA.Growth of Employment in Rural
Areas as per Weekly Status
IB.Growth of Youth Employment in
Rural Areas as per Weekly Status
IIA.Growth of Employment in Urban
Areas as per Weekly Status
IIB.Growth of Youth Employment in
Urban Areas as per Weekly Status
IIIA.Growth of Employment in India (Rural and
Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status
IIIB.Growth of Youth Employment in India
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Weekly Status
IVA.Growth of Employment in Rural Areas
as per Usual Status
IVB.Growth of Youth Employment in Rural
Areas as per Usual Status
VA.Growth of Employment in Urban Areas
as per Usual Status
VB.Growth of Youth Employment in Urban Areas
as per Usual Status
VIA.Growth of Employment in India
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status
VIB.Growth of Youth Employment in All Areas
(Rural and Urban Combined) as per Usual Status
VII .Note Highlighting the Salient Features of the
Sample Designs of Quinquennial Surveys and
Annual Surveys on Consumer Expenditure
and Employment - Unemployment in the NSS
VIII.Growth of Persons Attending Educational
Institutions (Usual Status)
IX.State-wise Population and Employment Estimates
by Usual Status 1994, 2000 & 2002 (Table 1-3).
Average Annual Growth Rate of Population and
Employment During 1994-2000 (Table-4).
Average Annual Growth Rate of Population
and Employment During 2000-2002 (Table-5)
X.Enrolment Capacities for Vocational
Education and Training in Different States
XI.Indicative List of Vocations under Identified Sectors
XII.Summary and overview of the Report by the
Special Group on Targeting 10 million
Employment Opportunity per year by
Planning Commission, Government of
India May 2002 (Page 1-17) under
Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta, Member
Planning Commission
XIII.Summary Recommendations of Report
of the Study Group on Development of
Small Scale Enterprises, (Page 4-8)
Planning Commission, New Delhi (2001)
under Chairmanship of Dr. S.P. Gupta,
Member Planning Commission.
| Publisher | AF Press |
| Publication Date | 2006 |
| Number of Pages | 276 |
| ISBN |
8171884628 |
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Globalisation, Economic Reforms and E...