Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector

National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, Government of India

Arjun K. Sengupta

Name: Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the Unorganised Sector
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About the Book

This Report is focused on the informal or the unorganised sector of the economy, which accounts for an overwhelming proportion of the poor and

vulnerable population in an otherwise shining India. It concentrates on a detailed analysis of the conditions of work and lives of the unorganised workers

consisting of about 92 per cent of the total workforce of about 457 million.

One of the major highlights of this Report is the quantification of unorganised or informal workers, defined as those who do not have employment

security, work security and social security. These workers are engaged not only in the unorganised sector but in the organised sector as well. The picture

that the Report presents is based on the latest available set of data from the Sixty-first Round of the National Sample Survey in 2004-05. This has been

supplemented with data from other sources.

In the Report, the Commission notes that the situation calls for immediate steps to ensure minimum conditions of work for the unorganised workers as

well as measures for their livelihood promotion. The Commission has, therefore, proposed two comprehensive Bills for unorganised agricultural and

non-agricultural workers. It has, further, proposed a number of measures to improve the livelihood of unorganised sector workers.

On the basis of its detailed assessment, the Commission has recommended a 13 Point Action Programme. The Commission believes that these measures

are within the administrative and fiscal capacity of the Government, and if implemented within a short period of time, will have a significant impact on

the lives of the working poor.

This publication also includes a CD-ROM comprising three earlier reports of the commission for Unorganised Sector, namely :

1. Social Security for Unorganised Workers .

2. National Policy on Urban Street Vendors .

3. Comprehensive Legislation for Minimum Conditions of Work and Social Security for the Unorganised Workers .

About the Author(s) / Editor(s)

ARJUN K. SENGUPTA

Contents in Detail

Preface

Acknowledgements

I.Introduction

India's Informal Economy

Constitution of a National Commission
for the Unorganised Sector

Conceptualising the Unorganised
Economy: Sector Vs Workers

Size and Relationships

Homeworkers as a Distinct Cataegory

Poverty, Vulnerability and Informal
Work Status: the High Congruence

Rationale for a Social Floor

An Agenda for Livelihood Promotion

The Need for Ensuring Minimum
Conditions of Work

Role of the State and Other Institutions

Procedure Followed in the Preparation of
the Report

Framework of the Report

2.Unorganised Non-agricultural Workers:
Socio-economic Profile

Introduction

Physical and Human Capital

Labour Market Entry

Incidence of Poverty

Conclusion

3.Wage Workers in Non-agricultural Sector

Introduction

Profile of Wage Workers

Physical Conditions at Work Place

Occupational Hazards, Health
Conditions and Safety Measures

Hours of Work, Duration of Work
Day and Weekly Holidays

Employment Contracts

Wages and Earnings of Workers
in the Unorganised Sector

Conclusion

4.Self-employed Workers in Non-agriculture

Introduction

Two Types of Enterprises

Own Account Enterprises

Constraints faced by Own
Account Enterprises

Self employed in Establishments
with Hired Workers

Constraints faced by Establishments

Homeworkers as a Special Category

Conditions of Work of Self-employed
Workers

Textile Industry: Case of Handloom Sector

The Food Processing Industry

Petty Trade in India: Street
Vendors/ Hawkers

Non-Mechanized Land Transport:
Rickshaw Pullers

Conditions of Work and Constraints
of Homeworkers

Conclusion

5.Women Workers in Non-agriculture

Introduction

Conceptualizing Women's Work

Nature of Work Participation of
Women

Conditions of Women's Work

Number of Women Workers in
Non-agriculture

Casual and Regular Women Workers

Women Self-employed Workers

Conditions of Homeworkers

Girl Child Workers

Conclusion

6.Other Disadvantaged Workers:
Migrants, Child and Bonded Labourers

Introduction

Migrant Labour

Child Labour

Bonded Labour

Conclusion

7.Agricultural Workers: Socio-economic Profile

Introduction

Size and Nature of Agricultural Workforce
in India

Socio-Economic Profile of Agricultural
Labourers

Socio-economic Profile of Farmers

Conclusion

8.Agricultural Labourers

Introduction

Wage Levels

Pattern of Employment

Unemployment and
Underemployment

Health and Occupational Hazards

Seasonal Migration

Forced/Bonded Labour

Child Labour

Gender Dimension of Agricultural
Work

Social Security

Conclusion

9.Working Conditions of Farmers

Introduction

Credit and Indebtedness

Irrigation and Input Use

The Tenancy Issue

Other Constraints

Conclusion

10.International Experience of Regulation of
Minimum Conditions of Work

Introduction

United Nations Framework of Rights

The ILO Framework

International experience in adhering
to Minimum Conditions of Work

Globalisation and 'New' Regulatory
Environment

Conclusion

11.Regulations of Conditions of
Unorganised Workers in India

Introduction

The Constitutional Framework

Ratification of International Conventions

Legal Regulation of Conditions of Work

Central Laws for Unorganised Sector
Workers

Laws Which Apply to All Sections of
Unorganised Sector

Laws Which Apply to some Sections
of the Unorganised Sector Labour

Laws, Extendable to the Unorganised Sector

Laws Relating to Agricultural Workers

State Laws

Organisational Structure for Implementation
of Labour Laws

Experience of Implementation of Laws
for the Unorganised Sector

Constraints on Effective Implementation

Scope for Self-Certification

Voluntary Codes of Conduct for
Minimum Conditions of Work

Conclusion

12.Towards Protection and Promotion
of Livelihoods of Unorganised Workers

Introduction

Creating the Foundations of Decent Work

Dealing with the Negatives: Impact of
Certain Laws and Regulation on Livelihoods

Promotional Policies for Non-agricultural
Unorganised Sector

Policy Initiatives, Programmes and Schemes
for Agricultural Workers

Promotional Measures for Expansion of
Employment

Institutional Support for Protection and
Promotion of Livelihoods

Conclusion

13.Recommendations on Legislative Protection
for Minimum Conditions of Work and
Comprehensive Legislation

Introduction

A Review of the Principal Recommendations
of the Earlier Commissions

Comprehensive Legislation: Earlier Views

Comprehensive Legislations for Agricultural
and Non-agricultural Workers

Need for Separate Bills

Main Recommendations Relating to
Conditions of Work

Conclusion

14An Action Programme for the
Unorganised Sector

Introduction

A. Protective Measures for Unorganised
Workers

B. A Package of Measures for the Marginal
and Small farmers

C. Measures to Improve Growth of the
Non-agricultural Sector

D. Measures to Expand Employment
and Improve Employability

References

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Appendix Tables

Annexures

List of Tables

1.1 Relationship between Sector and Type of
Employment (UPSS), All Workers 1999-2000
& 2004-05

1.2 Population in Different Expenditure Classes

1.3 Percentage Distribution of Expenditure
Classes by Social Identity, Informal Work
Status and Education, 2004-2005

1.4 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
Workers across Expenditure Classes .

2.1 Percentage Distribution of Rural Workers
by Land Size Classes and Sector of Occupation
2004 - 2005

2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Rural Unorganised
Agricultural Workers 2004 - 2005

2.3 Proportion of Non-agriculture Workers by
Employment Status, Sector and Gender among
Socio-Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004-2005:
All India

2.4 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers
across Occupational Groups by Status and
Gender (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

2.5 Poverty Ratios of Workers by Industry
and Sector, 2004-2005

2.6 Poverty Ratios among Non-agricultural
Workers by Category of Workers 2004-2005

2.7 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised Sector
All Workers by Social Groups2004-2005

3.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised Sector
Casual and Regular Workers in Manufacturing
2004-05

3.2 Percentage Share of Non-agricultural Wage Workers
without Contract by Sector and Gender 2004 - 2005

3.3 Percentage Share of Non-agricultural Wage
Workers Eligible for Paid Leave by Sector
and Gender 2004 - 2005

4.1 Percentage Distribution of the Self-employed
Workers in Unorganised Non-agriculture
2004 - 2005

4.2 Two Types of Self-employed by Income

4.3 Percentage Distribution of Enterprises and
Total Workers by Enterprise Size 1999-2000

4.4 Percentage Distribution of OAEs by Type
of Registration Agency 1999-2000

4.5 Fixed Assets per Enterprise in Establishments
with Hired Workers by Employment Size
(Rs.) 1999-2000

4.6 Gross Value Added per Worker in
Establishments by Employment
Size (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.7 Percentage Distribution of Establishments
by Location of Enterprise 1999-2000

4.8 Percentage Distribution of Self-employed
Establishments by Type of Registration
Agency 1999-2000

4.9 Number (in Million) and Percentage of Self-Employed
and Homeworkers in Non-agricultural Unorganised
and Manufacturing Sectors 1999-2000

4.10 Investment in Looms and Weavers'
Earnings in Uttar Pradesh (Rs ) 2006

4.11 Conditions of Work, Livelihood and
Earnings of Street Vendors across few
Indian Cities

4.12 Earnings and Livelihood of Rickshaw
Pullers across the Cities (Rs.)

4.13 Annual Incomes (Rs) of Homeworkers
and Non-Homework Enterprises in India
1999-00

4.14 Seasonality of Work among Homeworkers:
Earnings and Hours of Work

5.1 Select Characteristics of Women Workers
2004-2005

5.2 Rural-Urban Differences between Men and
Women Workers 2004-2005

5.3 Weekly Average Time (hours) Spent on SNA,
Extended SNA and Non SNA Activities by
Gender and Place of Work (Combined for Six States)

5.4 Additional Activities Undertaken by Women
(Age 15 - 59 years) usually Engaged in Domestic
Duties (Principal Status) (Percentage), 2004-05

5.5 Share of Women (Age 15 - 59 years) in Domestic
Duties Willing to Accept Work at home, Full-time
and Part-time, by Sector (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.6 Share of Women (Age 15 - 59 years) in Domestic
Duties Willing to Accept Work at Home by Type of
Work acceptable by Skill/ Experience to undertake,
by Sector (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.7 Share of Unorganised Sector Non-agricultural
Workers by Location of Work (Percentage)
2004 - 2005

5.8 Workforce Participation Rates by Gender
by Usual Status (Percentage)

5.9 Share of All Workers (all ages) with Only
Subsidiary Work by Sector and Gender
(Percentage) 2004 - 2005

5.10 Number and Percentage of Unorganised
Non-agricultural Female Workers
1999-00 and 2004-05

5.11 Share of Enterprises and Workers in
Proprietary Enterprises (Percentage),
1999-2000

5.12 Share of Enterprises with Place of Location
At Home (Within Household Premises)
(Percentage) 1999-2000

5.13 Share of Homework Proprietary Enterprise
in Total OAEs and Establishments
(Percentage) 1999-2000

5.14 Gross Value Added per Worker and Fixed
Assets per Enterprise of Homework (Rs.)
1999-2000

6.1 Percentage Distribution of Migrants by
Place of Last Residence, Age, Sex
& Reason for Migration 2001

6.2 Percentage Distribution of Migration
by Duration of Stay 2001

6.3 Number and Percentage of Children
(5 - 14 years) across Usual Status
by Gender

6.4 States with High Incidence of Child Labour
and Out-of-School Children (Labour Pool)
(5 - 14 Years) (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

6.5 Child Labourers (5 - 14 years) by Sector
2004 - 2005

6.6 Percentage of Child Workers (5 - 14 years)
across Industry Groups by gender 2004 - 2005

6.7 Incidence of Bonded Labour Reported

6.8 Number of Bonded Labour Identified,
Released and Rehabilitated by the Centrally
Sponsored Scheme during 2005-2006

7.1 Structural Transformation in Indian States
2004-05: Share of Employment and
Income in Agriculture

7.2 Numbers and Percentage Shares of
Farmers in Total Agricultural Workers

7.3 Growth Rate (Percentage) of UPSS
Agricultural and Total Workers

7.4 Percentage of Agricultural Worker
Households by Size of Land
Possessed Rural 2004 - 2005

7.5 Distribution of Operational Holdings
and Area by Size, All India

7.6 Percentage of Educational Attainment
of Rural Agricultural Workers, 2004-2005

7.7 Poverty Ratios among Farmers by
Socio-Religious Groups and Land
(Possessed) Size Classes, Rural 2004 - 2005

7.8 Percentage of Agricultural Labourers
in Total Workforce in Rural Areas

7.9 Number and Growth Rate of Rural
Agricultural Labourers

7.10 Percentage of Rural Agricultural
Labourers by Socio-Religious
Groups 2004-2005

7.11 Age Composition of Rural Agricultural
Labourers (Percentage)

7.12 Percentage Distribution for Social
Groups of Farmer Households by
Land Size (Hectares) Categories 2003

7.13 Percentage Distribution for Social
Groups of Farmer Households by Land
Size (Hectares) Categories 2003

7.14 Percentage of Income by Source and
Farm Size 2003

7.15 Average Monthly Income from
Cultivation by Size of Holding 2003

8.1 Wages and Growth in Wages of
Casual Agricultural Workers

8.2 Disparities in Agricultural Wages

8.3 Average Daily Earnings (Rs.) of Workers
in Rural Labour Household in Agricultural
Operations-All India at 1999-00 Prices

8.4 Wage Employment Days for Rural Agricultural
labourers: Casual, All

8.5 Employment, Unemployment and Out of
Labour Force Days of Rural Agricultural
Labourers

8.6 Percentage of Unemployed by CWS and
CDS for Usual Status Rural Agricultural
Labourers

8.7 Percentage of Employed Persons (15 years and above)
Who Did Not Work More or Less Regularly throughout
the Year according to Usual Principal Status in Rural
Areas 2004-05

8.8 Percentage of Child Workers in Agriculture
across Different Employment Statuses by
Sex 2004-2005

9.1 Prevalence Rate of Indebtedness by Farm
Size, All India (Percentage) 2003

9.2 Prevalence Rate of Indebtedness by Social
Groups: All India (Percentages) (2003)

9.3 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
Loans by Farm Size & Sources (2003)

9.4 Percentage Distribution of Leased-In Area by
Terms of Lease and Broad Size Class 1991-92
& 2003

11.1 List of International Labour Organisation
Conventions Ratified by India

11.2 Central Labour and Industry Laws that
Deal with Conditions of Work

List of Figures

2.1 Percentage Distribution of Rural Unorganised
Non-agricultural Workers by Land Size Class
and Socio-Religious Groups 2004 - 2005

2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
Workers by Sector and Sex 2004- 2005

2.3 Percentage Distribution of Workers' Educational
Attainment Levels in Non - agricultural Sector
by Sector & Sex 2004-05

2.4 Mean Years of Schooling in Non-agriculture by
Sector, Sex among Socio-Religious Groups
2004 - 2005

2.5 Educational Distribution of Non-agriculture
Workers by Sector and Gender among Socio-
Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004 -2005

2.6 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers by
Employment Status, Sector & Sex among Socio-
Religious Groups (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

2.7 Distribution of Non-agricultural Workers across
Industrial Categories by Sex (Percentage) 2004 -
2005

3.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised Sector
Casual Non-agricultural Workers across Industry
Groups 2004 - 2005

3.2 Percentage Distribution of Regular Non-agricultural
workers across Industry Groups 2004 - 2005

3.3 Percentage of Casual Workers with Wages below National
Minimum Wage of Rs. 66 across Industry Groups and by
Gender 2004-2005: Rural

3.4 Percentage of Casual Workers with Wages below National
Minimum Wage of Rs. 66 across Industry Groups by
Gender 2004-2005: Urban

3.5 Percentage of Rural Non-agricultural Casual Labour
(Casual Non-agricultural Daily Status) with Wages
below Minimum Wage 2004 - 2005

3.6 Percentage of Urban Non-agricultural Casual Labour
(Casual Non-agricultural Daily Status) with Wages
below Minimum Wage 2004 - 2005

4.1 Workers and Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector

4.2 Own Account Enterprises: Fixed Asset per
Enterprise and Gross Value Added Per
Worker (Rs.) 1999-2000

4.3 Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets Rs.
per Enterprise in Own Account Enterprises,
1999-2000

4.4 Percentage Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets
per Enterprise (Rs.) in Establishments with
Hired Workers, 1999-2000

4.5 Fixed Assets and Gross Value Added per
Enterprises in OAE and Establishments
(Rs.) 1999-2000

4.6 Categories of Self-employed Workers in
Non-agricultural Unorganised Sector
(million) 1999-2000

4.7 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
Non-agricultural Workers across Industry
Groups 2004-05

4.8 Margins in Homework

5.1 Occupational Distribution among Weavers,
Spinners & Related Occupations and
Tailors & Related Occupations: All Workers 2004-05

5.2 Occupational Distribution among Physicians
and Other Health Related Workers,
All Workers, 2004-05

5.3 Fixed Asset per Reporting Enterprise among
Proprietary Enterprises (Rs.)
1999-2000

5.4 Percentage Distribution of Value of Fixed Assets
(Rs. per Enterprise) in Own Account Enterprises
Proprietary Enterprises 1999-2000

5.5 Gross Value Added Per Worker among
Proprietary Enterprises (Rs.), 1999-2000

6.1 Incidence of Out of School Children (Labour Pool)
and Child Labour (5 - 14 Years) across Quintile
Groups (Percentage) 2004-05

6.2 Incidence of Out-of-School Children (Labour Pool)
and Child Labour (5 - 14 Years) across Socio-religious
Groups (Percentage) 2004 - 2005

6.3 Share of Boys and Girls in Principal Work, Attending
Education and Domestic Duties (Usual Principal
Status) by Age Group, Sector and Gender
(Percentage) 2004 - 2005

7.1 Women's Share in the Agricultural Workforce
(Percentage) 1983 - 2004-05

7.2 Poverty Ratio among Rural Agricultural
Labourers by Socio-Religious Groups
2004 - 2005

7.3 Poverty Ratio among Farmers by Land
(Possessed) Size Classes, Rural 2004 - 2005

7.4 Average Monthly Expenditure and Income
by Farm Size for Rural Farmer Households:
All-India 2003

8.1 Percentage of Rural Agricultural Labourers
with Wages below Minimum Wage,
2004 - 2005

8.2 Distribution of Traumatic Accidents with
Different Farm Machinery and Activities

8.3 Distribution of Total Migrants by Industry
Groups: All India 1991 (all Duration)

8.4 Mandays of Rural Agricultural Labourers
by Type of Operation and Gender, 2004-2005

8.5 Average Earnings per Manday (Rs.) of Rural
Agricultural Labourers in Manual Work in
Cultivation Operations by Gender 2004-2005

8.6 Casualisation of the Rural Agricultural
Workforce by Gender, 2004-2005

9.1 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
Loans by Source & Social Groups 2003

9.2 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
Loans by Purpose of Loan 2003

9.3 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
Loans by Purpose & Land Size Classes 2003

9.4 Percentage Distribution of Outstanding
Loans by Purpose & Social Groups 2003

9.5 Tenant Holdings by Categories of Operational
Holdings (Percentages) 1991-92 &
2002-03 (Kharif only)

9.6 Percentage Shares in Leased-in Area
1992 - 2003

List of Boxes

3.1 Limitation of data

3.2 Physical Conditions of Work

4.1 Value Addition per Worker of OAEs
less than Notional Minimum Incomes

4.2 Problems Faced by Own Account
Enterprises

4.3 Problems Faced by Establishments
with Hired Workers

4.4 Legal Status of Vendors in Imphal

4.5 A Case for Hawking/Vending:
Constitutional Provisions

4.6 A Case for Hawking/Vending:
Court Proceedings

4.7 Recognition of the Rickshaw
Puller

4.8 Shelters for Rickshaw Pullers

5.1 Domestic Workers

5.2 Below Notional Minimum
Income of Female Proprietors

5.3 "Hidden costs" borne by homeworkers

7.1 Definition of Farmers

9.1 Farmers' Suicides

12.1 The Case for a Multifaceted
Approach

12.2 NCEUS on Special Economic Zones
(SEZs)

12.3 NCEUS Recommendations on Urban
Street Vendors

12.4 NCEUS Tack Force on Credit

12.5 NCEUS on Unorganised Sector
Growth Poles (GP)

List of Appendix Tables

A1.1 Size & Distribution of the Organised and
Unorganised Sector Workers by Industry
& Status 2004 - 05

A1.2 Estimates of Organised & Unorganised
Workers/Employment by Industry (Million)

A1.3 Percentage of Workers in Unorganised
Sector & Unorganised Workers by Gender
across the States 2004-2005

A1.4 Number (Millions) of Workers in Unorganised
Non-agricultural Sector by Status of
Employment 1999-2000

A2.1 Distribution of Rural Non-agricultural Workers
by Land Size Class and Socio-Religious
Groups 2004 - 2005

A2.2 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
Workers by Employment Status, Sector,
Sex and Sector of Occupation 2004-2005

A2.3 Non-agricultural Workers' Mean Years of
Schooling across Major States by
Sector and Sex 2004 - 2005

A2.4 Percentage Distribution of Non-agricultural
Workers according to Educational Attainment
Levels, Sex & Sector of Occupation 2004 - 2005

A2.5 Non-agricultural workers' Educational
Attainment Levels across Major States by
ector and Sex 2004 - 2005: Rural (Percentages)

A2.6 Non-agricultural Workers' Educational
Attainment Levels across Major States
by Sector and Sex 2004 - 2005: Urban
(percentages)

A2.7 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
Occupation among Social Groups 2004 -
2005: Total

A2.8 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
Occupation among Social Groups 2004 -
2005: Rural

A2.9 Mean Years of Schooling of Non-agricultural
Workers by Sector, Sex and Sector of
Occupation among Social Groups
2004 - 2005: Urban

A2.10 Percentage of Non-agricultural Workers by
Employment Status, Sector and Gender among
Socio-Religious Groups 2004-2005

A2.11 Percentage of Unorganised Workers among
All Non-agricultural Workers in Industry
Groups, across States 2004-2005

A2.12 Percentage of Unorganised Workers among
All Non-agricultural Workers in each
Occupational Category across States 2004-2005

A2.13 Percentage Distribution of Non-agricultural
Workers across Occupational Categories
by Status and Gender 2004-2005

A2.14 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
Non-agriculture Workers by Social
Groups

A2.15 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
Sector Workers by Sector & Industry
2004-2005

A2.16 Poverty Ratios among Unorganised
Sector Workers by Employment Status
and Industry 2004-2005

A3.1 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
by Industry and Gender, Rural 2004-05

A3.2 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
by Industry and Gender, Urban 2004-05

A3.3 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
in Manufacturing by Industry and Sector
2004-05

A3.4 Average Daily Earnings of Casual Workers
in Manufacturing by Industry and Gender
2004-05

A3.5 Average Daily Earnings of Regular Workers
by Industry and Gender, Rural 2004-05

A3.6 Average Daily Earnings of Regular Workers
by Industry and Gender Urban 2004-05

A4.1 Percentage Distribution of Self- employed
Workers in Unorganised Non-agriculture
across the States2004-2005

A4.2 Percentage Distribution of Enterprises
by Size of Enterprise in Unorganised
Non-agriculture across the States,
1999-2000

A4.3 Percentage Distribution of Total Workers
by Size of the Enterprise in Unorganised
Non-agriculture across the States 1999-2000

A4.4 Percentage Distribution of OAEs by
Location and Broad Industry Group,
1999-2000

A4.5 Percentage of Enterprises without Any
Registration by States 1999-2000

A4.6 Percentage of Homeworkers in Self-
employed by States 1999-2000

A5.1 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
Non-agricultural Women Wage Workers
across Industrial Categories 2004-05

A5.2 Percentage Distribution of Unorganised
Non-agricultural Self-employed Female
Workers across Industrial Categories 2004-2005

A5.3 Share of Male and Female Proprietary
Enterprises by Most Serious Problem
Faced (Percentage) 1999-2000

A6.1 Incidence of Child Labour and Out -of-School
Children (Labour Pool) (5 - 14 Years)
across the States (Percentage) 2004 - 2005 269

A7.1 State-wise Percentage Share of Agricultural
Workers in Total Rural Workforce 270

A7.2 State-wise Percentage of Rural Agricultural
Workforce across Types of Employment

A7.3 State-wise Distribution of Households by Size
of Land Possessed (Hectares): Rural
(Percentage) 2004 - 2005

A7.4 Percentage of Rural Agricultural Labour
Households by Social Groups

A7.5 Average Monthly Income Per Farmer Household
(Rs. / month) From Cultivation by Size Classes
of Land Holdings (Hectares) 2003

A8.1 Average Daily Earnings (Rs) of Men, Women
and Children in Rural Labour Households
in Agricultural Occupations, 1999-2000

A9.1 Incidence of Indebtedness among Farmer
Households by Farm Size (Percentages)
2003

A9.2 Average Amount of Outstanding Loans
per Indebted Farmer Household by Land
Size (Rs.) 2003

A9.3 Tenant Holdings & Operated Area
Leased-In (Percentage) 1991-92 &
2002-03 (Kharif only)

A9.4 Awareness of bio-fertilizer, MSP &
WTO by Size of Holdings (Percentage
of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.5 Access to Extension Service Workers as a
Source of Information on Modern Technology
for Farming by Size of Holdings (Percentage
of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.6 Access to Government Agencies as a Source
of Information on Modern Technology by Size of
Holdings(Percentage Farmer Households) 2003

A9.7 Membership of Cooperative Society by Size
of Holdings (Percentage Farmer Households)
2003

A9.8 Membership of a Registered Farmers' Organization,
Self-help Group by Size of Holdings (Percentage
of Farmer Households) 2003

A9.9 Preference of Farming as Occupation by
Size of Holdings (Percentage of Farmers)
2003

A11.1 State Laws for Unorganised Sector Workers

A11.2 State-wise Coverage of Shops and Commercial
Establishments under the State Acts during

Publisher	AF Press
Publication Date	2008
Number of Pages	394
ISBN	99788171886787

Academic Foundation (AF), based in New Delhi, is India’s leading independent publisher of academic/scholarly books in Social Sciences, specialising in Economics—Development Economics and Indian Economy in particular, and allied subjects.

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